TY  - CHAP
T1  - Antibiotic consumption and resistance of gram-negative pathogens (collateral damage)
T2  - Urogenital Infections and Inflammations
AU  - Cizman, Milan
AU  - Plankar Srovin, Tina
ED  - Naber, Kurt G.
AD  - Prof. Milan Cizman, University Medical Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, 1292, Ljubljana, Slovenia, Phone: +386 31 311 069, E-mail: milan.cizman@siol.net
N2  - Antibiotics are commonly prescribed in community and hospital care. Overuse and misuse favors emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. The ATC/DDD methodology is commonly used for presenting the drug utilization data. In primary care, the consumption is usually expressed in DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day, in hospital, preferably in DDD per 100 bed days and DDD per 100 admissions. The alternative metric is days of therapy (DOT), which needs IT support. Antibiotics have ecological adverse effects at individual and population level. Antibiotics select resistant bacteria among pathogens and normal flora. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, low dosage and prolonged antibiotic therapy favor the development of resistance. Although total use of antibiotics in hospital is much less than in the community, the intensity of use magnified by cross infection ensures a multitude of resistant bacteria in today’s hospitals. Reversal of resistance is complex and might persist for many years despite the introduction of antimicrobial containment and stewardship programs. 
PY  - 2018
DA  - 2018/08/09
DO  - 10.5680/lhuii000029
LA  - en
L1  - https://series.publisso.de/en/system/getFile/112
UR  - https://dx.doi.org/10.5680/lhuii000029
L2  - https://dx.doi.org/10.5680/lhuii000029
PB  - German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
CY  - Duesseldorf
ER  -